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The Reichstag ("diet of the realm"〔Moonis Raza. ''Geographical Dictionary Of The World In The Early 20th Century With Pronouncing Gazetteer (in 2 Vos.)''. New Delhi, India: Concept Publishing Company, 1990. Pp. 712.〕), officially the Großdeutscher Reichstag ("Greater German ''Reichstag''") after 1938, was the pseudo-Parliament of the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945. Following the Nazi Seizure of Power and the passing of the Enabling Act of 1933, it met only as a ratifying body for the actions of Adolf Hitler's dictatorship--always by unanimous consent--and to listen to Hitler's speeches. In this purely ceremonial role, the Reichstag convened only 20 times, the last on 26 April 1942. The President of the Parliament ((ドイツ語:Reichstagspräsident)) throughout was Hermann Göring. During this period, the Reichstag was sometimes derisively referred to by the German public as the "''teuerste Gesangsverein Deutschlands''" (the most expensive singing club in Germany) due to frequent singing of the national anthem during sessions. To avoid holding scheduled elections during World War II, in 1943 Hitler extended the term of office of the current Reichstag (elected in late 1938 to serve in 1939-1943) to serve a special eight-year term ending on 30 January 1947. ==Background== In 1920–1923 and from 1930 on, the Weimar Republic's democratically elected ''Reichstag'' could be circumvented by two legal instruments not provided (as such) by the constitution: * The use of special powers granted to the President of Germany under an Emergency Decree in Article 48 of the constitution * The use of Enabling acts, especially during 1919-1923 and then finally in 1933 The former practice became more and more common after 1930. Due to the Reichstag's complex system of proportional representation, it was extremely difficult for a government to have a stable majority. Frequently, when a Chancellor was voted out of office, his successor could not be assured of a majority. As a result, Chancellors were forced to use Article 48 simply to conduct the ordinary business of government. Following the Reichstag fire on February 27, 1933 and the issuing of the Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of People and State the day after, Hitler used these legislative loopholes to force passage of the Enabling Act of 1933 on March 23. In ratifying the act, the Reichstag voted by a two-thirds majority to allow the government--in practice, the Chancellor--to enact laws on its own authority for a four-year period. With certain exceptions (which were in practice disregarded), those laws could deviate from articles in the constitution. From then on, though officially only the Reich Government as a whole could enact laws, the ''de facto'' power always lay with the Führer and Chancellor, Hitler. In effect, the Reichstag abandoned all responsibility for the exercise of legislative power. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to detain several deputies from the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Others saw the writing on the wall and fled the country. The Communist Party of Germany (KPD) had been banned outright, and all of its deputies had either been arrested or fled into exile. Ultimately, the Enabling Act passed by a margin of 444-94, with only the SPD voting against it. However, the Nazis had intimidated the other parties to the point that even if all 120 SPD deputies had been present, the Enabling Act would have still passed with well above the two-thirds majority required. Before the summer was out, all other parties had either been banned or intimidated into closing down, and the Nazi Party was the only legally permitted party in Germany--though the country had effectively been a one-party state since the passage of the Enabling Act. In the parliamentary elections of 12 November 1933, voters were presented with a single list from the Nazi Party. As a measure of the great care Hitler took to give his dictatorship the appearance of legal sanction, the Enabling Act was subsequently renewed by the Reichstag in 1937 and 1941. The Reichstag only met 12 times between 1933 and 1939, and enacted only four laws--the Law for the Reconstruction of the Reich of 1934 (which turned Germany into a highly centralized state) and the three Nuremberg Laws of 1935. All passed unanimously. It would only meet eight more times after the start of the war. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Reichstag (Nazi Germany)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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